![]() Two groups of participants were trained on items based on voicing (e.g., the Voiced condition was trained on /b/ ➔, and /d/ ➔, and tested on /p/ ➔, and /t/ ➔ ), and two groups of participants were trained on items based on place of articulation (e.g., the Labial condition was trained on /b/ ➔, and /p/ ➔ and tested on /t/ ➔, and /d/ ➔ ). Participants were trained on spirantization for two of four possible stop-fricative pairs, and were tested on their generalization to the held-out segments. Adult, English-speaking learners were exposed to a spirantization pattern in which a stop became a fricative between two vowels (e.g., /bib/ + /o/ ➔ ). The present study makes use of an artificial language learning experiment to explore when and how learners extend a novel phonological pattern to novel segments. In traditional, generative phonology, sound patterns are represented in terms of abstract features, typically based on the articulatory properties of the sounds. A computational model of schema extraction is proposed. Given that competition is between candidate outputs, the same schema provides more help to candidates that violate strong paradigm-uniformity constraints and are therefore weak relative to competitor candidates. This result is accounted for by proposing that schemas and paradigm-uniformity constraints clamor for candidate plural forms that obey them. I show that (i) examples of -i simply attaching to a -final stem help palatalization (supporting t → tſi over t → ti and p → tſi over p → pi), a finding that provides specific support for product-oriented schemas like 'plurals should end in ' (ii) learners tend to perseverate on the form they know, leveling stem changes, which provides support for paradigm-uniformity constraints in favor of retaining gestures composing the known form, for example, 'keep labiality' and (iii) the same plural schema helps untrained singular-plural mappings more than it helps trained ones. All miniature artificial languages presented to subjects feature velar palatalization (k → tſ) before a plural suffix, -i. This article reports on an experiment with miniature artificial languages that provides support for a synthesis of ideas from USAGE-BASED PHONOLOGY (Bybee 1985, 2001, Nesset 2008) and HARMONIC GRAMMAR (Legendre et al.
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